Die kerk en die Islam in Afrika

Die koms van die Islam na Afrika het die posisie van die Christelike kerk radikaal verander en tot vandag toe ’n byna onoorkomelike versperring in groot dele van Afrika opgewerp. Op daardie véraf dag in die jaar 640 toe die Arabiese magte onder hulle groot veldheer Amr Ibn-Al-As die Nyldal binne- geval het, het min mense besef dat een van die beslissende ure van die geskiedenis aangebreek het. Was hierdie Arabiere dan nie m aar 'n versameling amperse nomades wat daar in die Hédaj, die hoogland van Arabië begin beweeg het nie? Hul het weliswaar Sirië en Palestina oorrompel en Jerusalem en Damaskus, die ou Christelike stede, beset. Maar nou (640 n.C.) agtien jaar na die hejira, die geboortejaar van die Islam toe die profeet Mohammed van Mekka na Medina gevlug het en agt jaar na die dood van Mohammed, ruk hierdie leër oor die grense van Klein-Asië. Die Nyldal en Afrika lê op hulle pad. Kalief Omar, die opvolger van Mohammed, was self bekom- merd en daarom het hy 'n boodskapper agter sy groot gene- raal aangestuur met die opdrag om om te draai as hy nog nie in Egipte is nie. Indien hy wel reeds die grens oor is, moes hy onder die seën van Allah sy operasies voortsit

Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and noncommunicable diseases

The 18th WHO Global Tuberculosis Annual Report indicates that there were an estimated 8.6 million incident cases of tuberculosis (TB) in 2012, which included 2.9 million women and 530,000 children. TB caused 1.3 million deaths including 320,000 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people; three-quarters of deaths occurred in Africa and Southeast Asia. With one-third of the world's population latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), active TB disease is primarily associated with a break down in immune surveillance. This explains the strong link between active TB disease and other communicable diseases (CDs) or noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) that exert a toll on the immune system. Comorbid NCDrisk factors include diabetes, smoking, malnutrition, and chronic lung disease, all of which have increased relentlessly over the past decade in developing countries. The huge overlap between killer infections such as TB, HIV, malaria, and severe viral infections with NCDs, results in a ``double burden of disease'' in developing countries. The current focus on vertical disease programs fails to recognize comorbidities or to encourage joint management approaches. This review highlights major disease overlaps and discusses the rationale for better integration of tuberculosis care with services for NCDs and other infectious diseases to enhance the overall efficiency of the public health responses

Regioselectivity during the palladium catalysed hydro-esterification of stilbenes and related alkenes

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Chapter References

This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases

Chapter Preface

This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases

Chapter 2 Pathogenesis

This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases

Chapter 4 Diagnosis

This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases